1 Samuel 1

I believe that when studying this first chapter of Samuel, it is best to break the text down not in a a verse-by-verse analysis, but rather by observing what themes are being established. Though the story of Samuel is believed to accurately represent the historical event of his birth, it is set in such a way that it can be seen also as an allegory for the particular moment of Israel’s history. 

Sonship and a Rival

The first and most apparent theme in this chapter is having children. The word “son” is repeated eight times, and a genealogy is written to begin the chapter. Hannah’s inability to have a child is already seen as a failure on her part due to the cultural pressure on the woman to provide an heir for the family. This was magnified due to Peninnah, Hannah’s rival and second wife of Elkanah Peninnah had no problems having children of her own. This “rival” word can also be translated as “enemy” which perhaps more adequately describes the feelings towards one another. 

So what could this mean in a bigger picture? Well, let’s imagine for a second that Hannah represents Israel. Israel is beautiful (which is literally what Hannah’s name means) and yet does not yet have a king. They look at the kingdoms surrounding them who have kings and see their fertility (what Peninnah’s name means) and grows jealous. Elkanah represents the sentiment of God by first responding, “am I not worth more than ten sons?” Ultimately, God will provide both Hannah with a son and Israel with a king. 

Barrenness 

The fact that Hannah is barren ties her story in with some of the great matriarchs of our faith. This is often used to show God’s sovereign power and the ability to give life where it was seen as impossible. This ties directly in with the state of Israel where they are in need of new life, a deliverance from the impossible. 

Samuel Displays a Glimpse of Jesus

Samuel’s story will display several characteristics that will align his story with the Christ’s. He was born in a miraculous way. He was born with the promise of being a Nazarite, that is one whose life is dedicated to the Lord. But the last similarity is the one that is most important: both will establish a kingdom.